歡迎再次來(lái)到 安徽譯博翻譯 ，上兩期為大家介紹了外貿(mào)翻譯的一些知識(shí)，今天就升級(jí)到句子的翻譯技巧，感興趣的各位老師一定不能錯(cuò)過(guò)！ 第三章 外貿(mào)英譯漢一般句子翻譯 句子(sentence)是比詞語(yǔ)更高一級(jí)的語(yǔ)法層次，是能夠單獨(dú)存在并能表達(dá)相對(duì)完整意義的語(yǔ)言單歡迎再次來(lái)到安徽譯博翻譯，上兩期為大家介紹了外貿(mào)翻譯的一些知識(shí)，今天就升級(jí)到句子的翻譯技巧，感興趣的各位老師一定不能錯(cuò)過(guò)！
第三章 外貿(mào)英譯漢一般句子翻譯
句子(sentence)是比詞語(yǔ)更高一級(jí)的語(yǔ)法層次，是能夠單獨(dú)存在并能表達(dá)相對(duì)完整意義的語(yǔ)言單位。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，外貿(mào)英語(yǔ)交際活動(dòng)都是以句子為基本語(yǔ)言單位展開的，因此句子在外貿(mào)英語(yǔ)翻譯過(guò)程中占有最重要的位置，必須予以高度重視。
1句子成分轉(zhuǎn)譯
所謂句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換，是指原文的句子成分在譯文中變成了另一成分。由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式不盡相同，在具體外貿(mào)英語(yǔ)翻譯時(shí)，有時(shí)往往需要轉(zhuǎn)換一下句子成分，才能使譯文達(dá)到邏輯正確、通順流暢、重點(diǎn)突出等目的。
1.1轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)
①英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)
例1 Be careful, the building must have a solid foundation.
譯文：注意,建筑物的基礎(chǔ)要堅(jiān)實(shí)。
②英語(yǔ)介詞賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)
例2 Ethnic groups differ in customs and habits.
譯文：各民族的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣是不盡相同的。
例3 These approaches differ widely in their efficiency after practical operation.
譯文：實(shí)地操作后證明，這些方法的效率大不相同。
③英語(yǔ)的表語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)
英語(yǔ)中的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，即將表語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ)，而將原文主語(yǔ)譯為定語(yǔ)。
例4 Of all the metals the best conductors are silver, gold and copper.
譯文：銀,金和銅是金屬中最好的導(dǎo)體。
④英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)
這種轉(zhuǎn)換主要見(jiàn)于"there+be+主語(yǔ)+介詞"句型。此時(shí)，由介詞表示的定語(yǔ)?？勺g為主語(yǔ)，省略介詞。
例5 The renovations of this lathe have been made production on the increase.
譯文：這臺(tái)車床經(jīng)過(guò)了革新，生產(chǎn)能力不斷增加。
⑤英語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)
對(duì)"there+be+..." 結(jié)構(gòu),往往把句中的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ),同時(shí)略去介詞。
例6 There are thirty subsidiary companies in our group..
譯文：我們集團(tuán)有30個(gè)子公司。
另外，原文句中狀語(yǔ)在邏輯意義上說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)時(shí)，則此狀語(yǔ)往往可譯為主語(yǔ)，而原主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)為定語(yǔ)，同時(shí)略去介詞。
例7 In many countries, free-port areas or foreign-trade zones have been established, where foreign merchants need not pay tariffs for their unloaded goods if the goods remain within these areas or zones.
譯文： 許多國(guó)家都建立了自由港和保稅區(qū)，在那里，外國(guó)商人只要是在本區(qū)內(nèi)，未卸船的貨物可以不納稅。
⑥謂語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ)
這種轉(zhuǎn)換主要涉及到諸如characterize、feature等一些特殊的動(dòng)詞。翻譯時(shí)謂語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)譯為定語(yǔ)。
例9 The communications system is chiefly characterized by its ease with which it can be maintained.
譯文：這一通訊系統(tǒng)的主要特征是容易維修。
例10 The new liquid crystals feature wide working temperature range, low voltage operation and high reliability.
譯文：新型液晶的特點(diǎn)是工作溫度范圍寬,工作電壓低和可靠性高。
1.2轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)
①.英語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)
例11 The importance of values in economical activities must be given due attention.
譯文：必須適當(dāng)關(guān)注價(jià)值觀念在經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中的重要性。
例12 After he was elected chairman of the committee, Mr. Smith was found working in the lab early in the morning.
譯文：史密斯當(dāng)選以后，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)他一大早就到辦公室工作了。
例13 Much progress has been made in computer science in less than a century
譯文：不到一個(gè)世紀(jì)，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)取得了很大進(jìn)步。
②狀語(yǔ)譯為賓語(yǔ)
例14 Materials to be used for strutural prupose are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental condition.
譯文：必須選擇好結(jié)構(gòu)上用的材料，使它們?cè)谥車h(huán)境條件下具有彈性。
1.3轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)
①英語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)
若用分詞或形容詞作定語(yǔ)，且謂語(yǔ)為be或have時(shí)，有時(shí)可將這種定語(yǔ)譯為句子的謂語(yǔ)，同時(shí)原句的主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)為定語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多被省略。
例15 The two machines have the same efficiency.
譯文：這兩臺(tái)機(jī)器的效率相同。
試比較：這兩臺(tái)機(jī)器有相同的效率。
另外，若是介詞短語(yǔ)作句子的定語(yǔ)，翻譯時(shí)也可以把介詞短語(yǔ)譯成中文的謂語(yǔ)。
例15 Martha bought a ninety-dollar suit for one-third off the regular price．
譯文：瑪莎以比原價(jià)便宜三分之一的價(jià)格買了一套價(jià)值為九十美元的衣服。
介詞短語(yǔ)off the regular price作定語(yǔ)，譯成詞組“比原價(jià)便宜……價(jià)格”，作全句的修飾語(yǔ)，即：以比原價(jià)便宜三分之一的價(jià)格，瑪莎買了一套價(jià)值為九十美元的衣服。
②英語(yǔ)中的表語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)
英語(yǔ)形容詞、副詞、介詞及其短語(yǔ)等句中做表語(yǔ)時(shí),通常可譯為漢語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)。
例16 This explanation is against our claim.譯文：這個(gè)解釋違背我方投訴。
例17The new rule is applicable to foreigners.譯文：這一項(xiàng)新規(guī)定適用與外國(guó)人。
例18There is a need for improvement in your products
譯文：貴公司的產(chǎn)品需要改進(jìn)
③主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成謂語(yǔ)
英語(yǔ)中常使用表示動(dòng)作概念的名詞作句子的主語(yǔ),如care,attention,emphasis,requirement,
request,improvement,choice,inspection,thought等,在譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
例19 Extreme care must be taken to the selection of raw materials.
譯文：必須特別注意原材料的選擇。
④狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語(yǔ)
英語(yǔ)中有些介詞短語(yǔ)作句子狀語(yǔ)，翻譯時(shí)可以譯成中文的謂語(yǔ)。
例19 Time Warner will pay TCL 360 million dollars for the Southern Satellite company．
譯文：時(shí)代華納愿付給TCL三億六千萬(wàn)美元購(gòu)買南方衛(wèi)星這家公司。
句中介詞for作目的狀語(yǔ)，譯成動(dòng)詞，為連動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)。
例19 Of humble parentage，he began his working life in a shoe factory．
譯文：由于出身低微，他的第一個(gè)工作是在一家制鞋廠。
介詞短語(yǔ)of humble parentage在句中是狀語(yǔ)，轉(zhuǎn)譯為連接詞，構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系復(fù)句。
1.4轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)
英語(yǔ)少數(shù)主語(yǔ)可以譯成中文的譯為定語(yǔ)
例20 The service of our firm is characterized by several features: promptness, completeness and satisfaction
譯文：我們公司提供服務(wù)的特點(diǎn)有：迅速、全面、滿意。
例21 The operating system uses this device in varied forms.
譯文：操作系統(tǒng)上的這種裝置有各種不同的形狀。
1.5轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語(yǔ)中的狀語(yǔ)
①主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ)
例22 His carelessness in the shipment of goods led to a great economic loss to our company.
譯文：由于裝貨粗心大意，他給我公司帶來(lái)了巨大經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
②定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ)
例23 We need a dialogue which promotes our cooperation to develop international market.
譯文：我們需要對(duì)話來(lái)推動(dòng)我們兩公司合作以開拓國(guó)際市場(chǎng)。
例24 His lack of interest in the project upset his colleagues who were trying every possible means to have it carried out.
譯文：由于他對(duì)該計(jì)劃不感興趣，這使得他的同事們很擔(dān)心，因?yàn)樗麄冋诒M一切辦法來(lái)履行這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。
③賓語(yǔ)譯成狀語(yǔ)：
例25 There is high probability that in the 21st century a good number of enterptises will excel in service rather than conventional tech research
譯文：在21世紀(jì)，很多企業(yè)極有可能會(huì)在服務(wù)而不是傳統(tǒng)的技術(shù)研究方面大顯身手。
Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese.
⑴The wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air.
⑵High-tech products of various types also can be manufactured in our company.
⑶Machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly.
⑷The secretary cast impatient glances at the businessman,and turned away without answering his question.
⑸ Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.
⑹In recent years,increasing attention had been paid to the economic benefit in production of our factory.
⑺Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books ,epuipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific research.
⑻There always has been gaps in the economic interests of the two countries which can’t be bridged by one bilateral talk .
⑼Many factors enter into unemployment in our country.
⑽Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.
2句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換
在外貿(mào)英譯漢時(shí)有時(shí)為了使譯文通順自然，符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣，需要將整個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換。
2.1英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)從句
英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句并非都起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或修飾等作用,有些定語(yǔ)從句具有明顯的狀語(yǔ)意義,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的時(shí)間、條件、原因、目的、結(jié)果、讓步等情況。漢譯時(shí)，可處理為狀語(yǔ)。這并非由于從句本身存在這些含義，而是由句子的前后邏輯意思所決定的。這種邏輯上存在的附加含義，存在于譯者對(duì)原文的深入體會(huì)，在了解到附加含義后，在譯文中就可加上“因?yàn)?rdquo;；“當(dāng)……時(shí)；“雖然……但”；“用以……”；“……以便……”；“……，從而……”等相應(yīng)的連詞，使句子前后呼應(yīng)，互相連貫。
例26 To accept this offer, the buyer must sign and return it without any modifications to the sell, who must receive it no later than Jan.9th.2005.
譯文：如接受這一要約，買方必須在2005年1月9日前，在不改變要約的前提下簽字并返給對(duì)方。（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）
例27 Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man.
譯文：電子計(jì)算機(jī)雖然有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但它們不能進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性的工作，代替不了人。（讓步狀語(yǔ)）
2.2英語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句
例28 Television, which is one of the great new powers-for good or bad-of this century, lets a public man talk to millions while they sit in the private homes seeing him as it he were there in front of them.
譯文：電視是本世紀(jì)偉大的新成就之一，既可以用來(lái)造福人類，也可以用來(lái)宣揚(yáng)邪惡；知名人士通過(guò)電視可向坐在自己家里的成百萬(wàn)觀眾做演講，使觀眾看著就好像他在面前一樣。
2.3英語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)的單句
例29 The use of an inspection/test stamp is limited to the person to whom it is issued.
譯文：檢驗(yàn)或試驗(yàn)印章僅限于印章持有者本人使用。
例30 While I sympathize，I can’t really do very much to help.譯文：我真是愛(ài)莫能助。
2.4獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)譯成并列句
例31 With the job finished，they went to the seaside for a holiday.
譯文：工作做完以后，他們就到海邊度假去了。
例32 With all his savings gone， he started to look for a job.
譯文：積蓄都用完以后，他就開始去找工作。
2.5狀語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)譯成句子
例33 In the event of force majeure or any other contingencies beyond the Sellers’control, the Sellers shall not be held responsible for late delivery or non-delivery of the goods.
譯文：如因人力不可抗拒的事故而致延期交貨或無(wú)法交貨時(shí)，賣方不負(fù)任何責(zé)任。
⑴We are sorry to say that we can’t accept your price. We have some suppliers who can do better.
⑵A 3 % discount is the best we can offer, because the prices of raw materials have gone up lately.
⑶With competition from similar garment producers, the merchandise must not only be of value but also look attractive.
⑷Please take necessary precaution that the packing can protect the goods from dampness or rain (leaking，pilferage)．
⑸One point I should add is that we’ll ship the goods duly, but your L/C must reach us 30 days before shipment.
⑹We feel it our duty to remind you once again that it is impossible to extend the L/C because of import license restriction.
⑺Despite the great age gap between them an instant affinity asserted itself
⑻For your safety,the electric appliance can only operate when it has been correctly mounted on a try and cool base.
⑼Computers are thought of a great technological improvement that saves people much time and energy.
3反譯法
在外貿(mào)英語(yǔ)翻譯過(guò)程中，有時(shí)需要把英語(yǔ)的肯定句譯成漢語(yǔ)的否定句，或者把英語(yǔ)的否定句譯成漢語(yǔ)的肯定句，才能使譯文自然、流暢，才能準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)買賣雙方的真正用意，否則就會(huì)造成對(duì)方的誤解，甚至?xí)?dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)后果。例如，It has been already two months since John was Chairman of the board 如果我們僅就字面意思去“對(duì)號(hào)入座”，將其譯為“約翰擔(dān)任董事長(zhǎng)已經(jīng)兩個(gè)月了。”勢(shì)必會(huì)使譯文面目全非。而此句的真正含義是“約翰不擔(dān)任董事長(zhǎng)已經(jīng)兩個(gè)月了。”因此在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中要特別注意這種反譯法的運(yùn)用。
3.1英語(yǔ)的肯定句譯成漢語(yǔ)的否定句
例1 I’m sure you will like the elegant handicrafts．
譯文：毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)你們會(huì)喜歡這些精美的工藝品．
例2 Such a chance was denied to us．譯文：我們沒(méi)有得到這樣一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。
例3 From the visiting I can see that your factory has very good machinery and equipment，and also the dresses are perfectly designed．
譯文：從參觀中可以看出你們廠的機(jī)械和設(shè)備都是很好的，另外你們的服裝設(shè)計(jì)得也很不錯(cuò)。
例4 As this is beyond our control due to the force majeure，we suggest that you lodge your claim with the insurance company．
譯文：此為人力所無(wú)法抗拒的天災(zāi)，我方建議貴方向保險(xiǎn)公司提出索賠。
例5 I know that you have provided your technological know—how to quite a number of clothing factories in our country．
譯文：我知道您向我國(guó)不少服裝廠家提供了專門技術(shù)。
例6 The decision is to come．譯文：尚未做出決定。
例7Keep dry切勿受潮 Keep top side up切勿倒置
例8The signal was shown about the machine being in order．
譯文：信號(hào)表明機(jī)器沒(méi)有毛病。
例9 Inflation is target of bank’s new policy．
該句的字面意思是：銀行新政策的目標(biāo)是通貨膨脹。但此句的含義卻恰恰相反，而是：銀行新政策的目標(biāo)是制止通貨膨脹。因此我們?cè)诜g時(shí)必須把inflation看成是ant inflation，使之表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確。
例10 This sort of situation highlights a critical weakness in the MNC management ：accountabi1ity．
如按字面則譯成：這種情況突出了跨國(guó)公司管理部門的極為嚴(yán)重的弱點(diǎn)：有責(zé)任心。 “有責(zé)任心”怎么能是“弱點(diǎn)”呢? 這種譯文顯然是錯(cuò)誤的。作者在句尾所表達(dá)的真正含義其實(shí)和前面提到的“弱點(diǎn)”是一致的，即可理解成unaccountabi1ity。那么全句應(yīng)譯成：這種情況突出了跨國(guó)公司管理部門的極為嚴(yán)重的弱點(diǎn)：玩忽職守(無(wú)責(zé)任心)。
3.2英語(yǔ)的否定句譯成漢語(yǔ)的肯定句
例1l The doubt was sti11 unsolved after your repeated explanations．
譯文：雖然你一再解釋，我們的疑團(tuán)仍然存在。
例12 Al1 the articles are untouchable in the museum. 譯文：博物館內(nèi)一切展品禁止觸摸。
例13 As you know that they have no intention to meet us half way，we have no choice but to lodge a formal complaint before the court．
譯文：如您所知，他們無(wú)意向我們讓步，我們只有向法院提出訴訟。
例14 The significance of making these projects wasn’t lost on us．
譯文：這些計(jì)劃的出臺(tái)引起了我們的重視。
例15 Are you sure the broken packages weren’t caused by handling improperly?
譯文：您能肯定這些破損的包裝不是由于粗心大意裝卸造成的嗎?
例16 We understand your inconvenience． 譯文：我們理解貴方的困難之處。
例17 A1l these marketing investigations are not done for nothing．
譯文：所有這些市場(chǎng)調(diào)查都是有目的的。
上述例句中用no，not或者帶有de一，dis一，im一，in一，un一，一less等具有否定含義詞綴的詞，在譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)都避免使用“不”， “非”， “無(wú)”， “沒(méi)有”， “未”， “否”等字眼，即反意翻譯?？傊?，在外貿(mào)英語(yǔ)翻譯過(guò)程中要準(zhǔn)確使用反譯法。反譯法若運(yùn)用不當(dāng)，往往是譯文和原文的意思完全相反。在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中，如外貿(mào)談判或業(yè)務(wù)往來(lái)的信函中，如果不能正確地理解原文，在翻譯中出現(xiàn)誤譯輕則使買賣雙方不悅，重則造成生意的失敗，使公司或企業(yè)蒙受巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
Exersise in class
Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese.
⑴I never passed the theatre but I thought of his last performance.
⑵Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among U.S. citizens.
⑶Under such times as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more“unnatural food”.
⑷This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
⑸The conclusion we reached in Britain is that change simply cannot sensibly be put off.
⑹Man are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.
⑺The board director has not, so far, justified the hopes which the staff of the enterprise set on it.
⑻He is strange to compliment.
⑼ I'll see you dead before I accept your term.
⑽These names mentioned by him were new to me.
4順譯法
翻譯外貿(mào)英語(yǔ)，尤其是有關(guān)法律、合約等英語(yǔ)句子時(shí)，有時(shí)我們可把原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)整個(gè)保存下來(lái)或只稍加改變即可，即運(yùn)用對(duì)應(yīng)句型或采取順譯法處理。
現(xiàn)舉例說(shuō)明如下：
例1 The purpose of “Incoterms” is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade in foreign trade.
譯文：國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的目的在于對(duì)于國(guó)際貿(mào)易中最普遍使用的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)提供一套國(guó)際通用的釋義。
在這一例子中，英文句子中除了定語(yǔ)是后置以外，其余部分與漢語(yǔ)譯文的順序大體一致，基本對(duì)應(yīng)。
例2 Frequently parties to a contract are unaware of the different trading practices in their respective counties.
譯文：合同的當(dāng)事人對(duì)于他們各自國(guó)家之間不同的貿(mào)易習(xí)慣，往往不甚了解。
例3 The contents of the covering Letter of Credit shall be in strict accordance with the stipulations of the Sales Contract.
譯文：信用證內(nèi)容必須嚴(yán)格符合本售貨合約的規(guī)定。
例4 All disputes arising in connection with this Sales Contract or the execution there of shall be settled amicably through negotiation.
譯文：凡因執(zhí)行本合約或有關(guān)本合約所發(fā)生的一切爭(zhēng)執(zhí)，雙方應(yīng)以友好方式協(xié)商解決。
例5 In these cases it is of vital importance, when using EDI messages, to ensure that the buyer has the same legal position as he would have obtained of he had recerved a bill of lading from the seller.
譯文：在這種情況下，使用電子資料交換單證，確保買方具有如同其受到賣放提單一樣的法律地位是至關(guān)重要的。
例7 The continental United States, not counting Alaska and Hawalii, measures 4500 kilometers from its Atlantic to Pacific coast, 2575 kilometers from Canada to Mexico.
譯文：美國(guó)大陸，不包括阿拉斯加和夏威夷，從大西洋海岸到太平洋海岸的東西距離是4500公里，從加拿大到墨西哥邊境的南北距離是2575公里。
例8 The main role of our office is to carry out market research, collect business information and give information to potential clients about out products.
譯文：我們代表的主要任務(wù)是進(jìn)行市場(chǎng)調(diào)查，收集商業(yè)信息，向潛在用戶介紹我們的產(chǎn)品。
例9 According to the Joint Venture Law of China, a joint venture shall take the form of a limited liability company and the profits and losses of a joint venture shall be shared by the parties to the venture in proportion to their contributions to the registered capital.
譯文：依據(jù)中國(guó)合資企業(yè)法之規(guī)定，合資企業(yè)應(yīng)該以有限責(zé)任公司的形式出現(xiàn)，由合資各方按照注冊(cè)資本的比例，利益共享，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)。
Exersise in class
Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese.
⑴Import and export trades are two sides of the same coin, and both can have beneficial effects on the home market.
⑵Imports create competition for home-produced goods; exporting gives a manufacturer a larger market for his products, so helping to reduce the unit cost.
⑶These factors mean that importing and exporting are subject to a lot of formalities, such as customs entry and exchange control approval.
⑷It means that foreign trade involves specialized knowledge, and highly-trained personnel.
⑸Large firms, like the manufacturers of motor vehicles, computers and heavy electrical equipment, will usually have their own import-export departments.
⑹Clearing and forwarding agents handle all the details of transporting cargo: packing, weighing and marking, making customs entries, and the many dock services entailed in loading and unloading.
⑺Raw materials like virgin non-ferrous merals, and some items of produce, such as raw cotton, vegetable oil and wheat, can be accurately graded, and the grades remain the same, year in, year out.
⑻Some commodities, however, like tea and wool and certain spices, cannot be accurately graded because the quality varies from year to year, and from consignment to consignment.
5逆序法
逆序法又稱倒置法,主要指句子的前后倒置問(wèn)題。有些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣不同，甚至語(yǔ)序完全相反，這就必須從原文的后面譯起，逆著原文的順序翻譯。逆序法在長(zhǎng)句的翻譯中，我們可根據(jù)不同的情況按意群進(jìn)行全部逆序或部分逆序。
例1 There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.
分析：該句可以拆分為三部分:There are many wonderful stories to tell about/the places I visited/the people I met.這句英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的敘述層次與漢語(yǔ)邏輯相反，所以采用逆譯法。
譯文：我訪問(wèn)了一些地方，遇到不少人，要談起來(lái)，奇妙的事可多著呢。
例2 There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.
分析：該句可分為三部分:There was little hope/continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose/in a neighborhood that was strange to me.
第一、二層次是表示結(jié)果，第三層次表示原因，按照中文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，常把原因放在結(jié)果前面。這句英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的敘述層次與漢語(yǔ)邏輯相反，因此要打破原句的結(jié)構(gòu)，按照漢語(yǔ)造句的規(guī)律重新加以安排。
譯文：這一帶我不熟悉，天黑以后繼續(xù)進(jìn)行調(diào)查，取得結(jié)果的希望不大。
Exersise in or after class
Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese.
⑴Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century，because nowhere in nature is it found free，owing to its always being combined with other elements，most commonly with oxygen，for which it has a strong affinity.
⑵It therefore becomes more and more important that，if students are not to waste their opportunities，there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.
⑶They cannot assume that they will stay at the forefront of science and technology as they have for a century.
⑷They are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.
⑸A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor，the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation，a real phenomenon in the late fifties.
⑹Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
6分句法
由于英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)是差異很大的兩種語(yǔ)言，可以說(shuō)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)序基本對(duì)應(yīng)的句子很少，而不同的卻是比比皆是。因此在翻譯時(shí)，在不少情況下必須將原句結(jié)構(gòu)作較大的改變。所謂分句是指把原文的一個(gè)句子譯成兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子。
①把原文中一個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)譯成句子，使原文的一個(gè)句子分譯成兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子。
例1 Dell’s sales are growing 50% on average, admittedly from a very low base.
譯文：不可否認(rèn)，盡管起點(diǎn)低，但是戴爾公司的銷售量正以平均50% 的速度遞增。
（把a(bǔ)dmittedly from a very low base這一短語(yǔ)，譯成一個(gè)句子。）
例2 We are disappointed at the buyers’ disregard for proper international trading rules.
譯文：買主無(wú)視正當(dāng)?shù)膰?guó)際貿(mào)易法則，對(duì)此我們很失望。
（把劃線的介詞短語(yǔ)譯成一個(gè)完整的句子，使得這一英文單句的譯文變成了復(fù)合句。）
例3 I am leaving Beijing tomorrow, heartened with the trade agreements we have reached, cheered by the frankness and fullness of our discussion, grateful for the hospitality you have accorded to our party.
譯文：我明天就要離開北京了。我們所達(dá)成的貿(mào)易協(xié)定使我感到鼓舞，我們坦率而充實(shí)的會(huì)談使我感到高興，你們給予我們一行的款待使我十分感激。（三個(gè)做表語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)都譯成了句子。）
②把原文的一個(gè)句子拆開，譯成兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子。
例4 Strange enough, they were the same age to the day.
譯文：說(shuō)來(lái)也真巧，他兩個(gè)年齡一樣大，而且還是同日生的。
例5 We have forwarded the catalogs and drawings you sent us to some large manufacturers and now have an affirmative answer from a factory in Shanghai.
譯文：我們已將寄來(lái)的目錄和圖紙轉(zhuǎn)交幾家大廠?，F(xiàn)已接到上海一家工廠愿承辦的答復(fù)。
例6 Australia has already experienced the economic benefits of close commercial relations with countries bordering on the Pacific. The process of cooperation began in the 1950s with the initiation of our commercial relations with Japan.
譯文：澳大利亞在同太平洋沿岸國(guó)家的密切貿(mào)易往來(lái)中，在經(jīng)濟(jì)上已經(jīng)受益。這種合作進(jìn)程始于50年代，最早是與日本建立貿(mào)易關(guān)系。
例7 The Joint Declaration on the future of Hongkong provides the frame-work in which, as a Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, Hongkong will maintain its economic system and way of life for 50 years after the first of July 1997.
譯文：關(guān)于香港前途的聯(lián)合聲明提供了一個(gè)框架。根據(jù)這個(gè)框架，香港作為中華人民共和國(guó)的特別行政區(qū)，在1997年7月1日以后的50年中，將保持其經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和生活方式。
Exersise in or after class
Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese.
⑴Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.
⑵They, not unexpectedly, did not respond.
⑶Those Chinese scientists in Silicon Valley are understandably proud of their achievements.
⑷He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.
⑸His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.
⑹But, occasionally, through haste and carelessness, mistakes were made, so that at the end of the business day one teller would be short on cash, the other long.
⑺He unnecessarily spent a lot of time introducing this book, which the students are familiar with.
⑻We tried in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief.
⑼It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.
⑽We've increased our market share faster than our rivals, which is good news.
7合句法
所謂合句是指把原文兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單句或復(fù)合句在譯文中用一個(gè)單句或復(fù)句來(lái)表達(dá)。
7.1把原文中兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句譯成一個(gè)單句或復(fù)句
例1 We received your letter of June 3, 2006. In your letter you asked about purchasing software for use in your accounting department.
譯文：從貴公司2006年6月3日函獲悉，貴方擬購(gòu)會(huì)計(jì)部使用的電腦軟件。
例2 His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north of Italy near the sea.
譯文：他的父親在意大利北部近海的比薩城做小生意。
例3 An offer is a promise to supply goods on the terms and conditions stated. It must be made and accepted before a contract can exist.
譯文：發(fā)盤就是按所述條件供貨的一種承諾，要在訂立合同前提出與接受。
例4 The sales letter is a form of advertising. It aims to sell particular kinds of goods or services to selected types of customers.
譯文：推銷信件是一種廣告宣傳，其目的在于銷售特定貨物或?yàn)樘囟蛻籼峁┓?wù)。
例5 The completion of loading all Antwerp cargo is expected to be on 14 April. The estimated time of arrival in Xingang as given by the vessel is 30 May.
譯文：在安特衛(wèi)普港的所有貨物預(yù)期于4月14日裝完，該輪預(yù)抵新港如期為5月30日。
7.2把原文中的主從復(fù)合句譯成一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)復(fù)句
例6 As soon as the exchange of control documents is completed, both sides may start direct business with each other.
譯文：一俟檢查文件備妥，雙方即可開始辦理與對(duì)方的直接業(yè)務(wù)。
例7 If you require, we can provide first-class reference.
譯文：如有需要，我司可提供一流的資信證明。
例8 Offers, however, should be made with accuracy, because once duly accepted they are binding legally.
譯文：發(fā)盤應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤，因?yàn)榘l(fā)盤一經(jīng)接受，就具有法律效力。
例9 Pure iron is not used in industry because it is too soft.譯文：純鐵太軟，所以不用在工業(yè)上。
例10 Provided we receive your order by 30 October, we make you a firm offer for delivery at the middle of November at the prices quoted.
譯文：現(xiàn)按所列價(jià)格，報(bào)供11月中旬交貨的實(shí)盤，以10月30 日前收到你方訂單為準(zhǔn)。
例11 We shall be most grateful of you will introduce him to reliable manufacturers and give him any help or advice he may need.
譯文：如蒙為他介紹可靠廠商并提供所需建議與協(xié)助，不勝感激。
例12 I will appreciate your letting me know whether you will be able to come.
譯文：如能告知是否光臨，甚為感謝。
7.3把原文中的并列句譯成一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)單句或復(fù)句。
例13 We appreciate the good quality of your shoes, but unfortunately your prices appear to be on the high side even for shoes of this quality.
譯文：我們欣賞貴公司鞋的質(zhì)量，但是美中不足的是你們的價(jià)格，即便對(duì)這種質(zhì)量的鞋來(lái)說(shuō)，也顯得偏高。
例14 We wish we could lower our prices but unfortunately we cannot do so.
譯文：我們也希望再降低價(jià)格，但很遺憾，實(shí)在無(wú)能為力了。
例15 The 100 Coffee Sets supplied to the Order No.U89 were delivered yesterday, but we regret that 15 sets were badly damaged.
譯文：我公司U89號(hào)訂單項(xiàng)下100套咖啡器皿昨天運(yùn)到，但遺憾的是其中15套嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞。
例16 We hope this will go smoothly and you are able to conclude the contract soon.
譯文：希望一切順利，并速簽合同。
例17 Until now we have been able to absorb rising costs by economies in other directions, but now we can no longer do so.
譯文：截止目前，我公司一直設(shè)法通過(guò)節(jié)省其他方面的費(fèi)用來(lái)承擔(dān)不斷上揚(yáng)的成本，但目前已無(wú)法維持。
Exersise in class
Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese.
⑴The buyer has to rely on the manufacturers’ reputation, and if he is a stockist, he will have to purchase and finance stocks on which he may not get his money back for a long time.
⑵ The commodity dealer, unless he takes a position, will be satisfied with only five, two or one per cent of profit margin.
⑶In this case goods may be sent on consignment, unsold, and the agent is expected to obtain the best price available; but this practice is more common with produce exports.
⑷ Normally four copies of a bill of lading are issued. Two copies will be signed by the ship’s master or his agent, two remaining unsigned.
⑸Consular invoices are declarations made at the consulate of the importing country. They confirm the ex-works cost of a consignment.
⑹If the answer are favorable, the intending exporter must then decide exactly how be will market his product. Should be open his own office, or employ a sole agent, or many different agents?
⑺A draft is an order to pay. It is made by an exporter and presented to the importer, usually through a bank.
⑻This is because of lower labour costs and free availability of local raw materials, and they are not only cheaper, but often of high quality when experience has been gained.
⑼The young man was very miserable. He had no money about him. All his savings had been stolen.
⑽That day, the President had an interview with his father. His father was going to USA by plane.
⑾ He was clean. His mind was open.
轉(zhuǎn)載出自：CONTRACTUS的博客http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4dae264e0102w4lx.html
