Section 3 - Indirect Representation第三節(jié)  間接代理

Article 3.301 - Intermediaries not acting in the name of a Principal
第3:301條：非以委托人的名義行為的中間人
 
(1) Where an intermediary acts: (a) on instructions and on behalf, but not in the name, of a principal, or (b) on instructions from a principal but the third party does not know and has no reason to know this, the intermediary and the third party are bound to each other.
如果中間人從事行為系：1.基于委托人的指令和為了委托人的利益，但并非以委托人的名義，或者，2.基于委托人的指令，但第三人對(duì)此并不知道而且沒(méi)有理由知道，中間人與該第三人互相受有拘束。
 
(2) The principal and the third party are bound to each other only under the conditions set out in Articles 3.302 to 3.304.
僅當(dāng)符合第3:302至3:304條規(guī)定的條件時(shí)，委托人與該第三人始互相拘束。
 
Article 3.302 - Intermediary's Insolvency or Fundamental Non-performance to Principal
第3:302條：中間人的破產(chǎn)或?qū)ξ�托人的根本性不履�?br />  
If the intermediary becomes insolvent, or if it commits a fundamental non-performance towards the principal, or if prior to the time for performance it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance: (a) on the principal's demand, the intermediary shall communicate the name and address of the third party to the principal; and (b) the principal may exercise against the third party the rights acquired on the principal's behalf by the intermediary, subject to any defences which the third party may set up against the intermediary.
若中間人淪為破產(chǎn)，或若它對(duì)委托人根本性不履行，或若在履行期到來(lái)之前情況表明將會(huì)發(fā)生根本性不履行，則：1.基于委托人的請(qǐng)求，中間人應(yīng)將第三人的名字和地址告知委托人；并且2.委托人可以行使中間人為委托人的利益而對(duì)第三人取得的權(quán)利，但應(yīng)承受第三人可得對(duì)中間人提出的抗辯。
 
Article 3.303 - Intermediary's Insolvency or Fundamental Non-performance to Third Party
第3:303條：中間人的破產(chǎn)或?qū)Φ谌�人的根本性不履�?/span>
 
If the intermediary becomes insolvent, or if it commits a fundamental non-performance towards the third party, or if prior to the time for performance it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance: (a) on the third party's demand, the intermediary shall communicate the name and address of the principal to the third party; and (b) the third party may exercise against the principal the rights which the third party has against the intermediary, subject to any defences which the intermediary may set up against the third party and those which the principal may set up against the intermediary.
若中間人淪為破產(chǎn)，或若它對(duì)第三人根本性不履行，或若在履行期到來(lái)之前情況表明將根本性不履行，則：1.基于該第三人的請(qǐng)求，中間人應(yīng)將委托人的名字和地址告知該第三人；并且2.第三人可對(duì)委托人行使該第三人對(duì)該中間人擁有的權(quán)利，但應(yīng)承受中間人可得對(duì)第三人提出的抗辯以及委托人可得對(duì)中間人提出的抗辯。
 
Article 3.304 - Requirement of Notice第3:304條：通知要件
The rights under Articles 3.302 and 3.303 may be exercised only if notice of intention to exercise them is given to the intermediary and to the third party or principal, respectively. Upon receipt of the notice, the third party or the principal is no longer entitled to render performance to the intermediary.
第3:302至3:303條規(guī)定的權(quán)利的行使，要求須向中間人以及向第三人或委托人分別發(fā)出行使此權(quán)利的意思的通知。在接到通知之后，第三人或委托人不再有權(quán)向中間人進(jìn)行履行。
 

CHAPTER 4 - VALIDITY第四章  有效性

Article 4.101 - Matters not Covered第4:101條：未受規(guī)制的事項(xiàng)
This Chapter does not deal with invalidity arising from illegality, immorality or lack of capacity.
本章沒(méi)有規(guī)定因不合法、不道德或缺乏能力而發(fā)生的無(wú)效。
 
Article 4.102 - Initial Impossibility第4:102條：自始不能
A contract is not invalid merely because at the time it was concluded performance of the obligation assumed was impossible, or because a party was not entitled to dispose of the assets to which the contract relates.
僅僅由于合同成立時(shí)所負(fù)債務(wù)的履行不能或由于一方當(dāng)事人無(wú)權(quán)處分合同關(guān)涉的財(cái)產(chǎn)，合同并不無(wú)效。
 
Article 4.103 - Mistake as to facts or law第4:103條：關(guān)于事實(shí)或法律的錯(cuò)誤
(1) A party may avoid a contract for mistake of fact or law existing when the contract was concluded if: (a) (i) the mistake was caused by information given by the other party; or (ii) the other party knew or ought to have known of the mistake and it was contrary to good faith and fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error; or (iii) the other party made the same mistake, and (b) the other party knew or ought to have known that the mistaken party, had it known the truth, would not have entered the contract or would have done so only on fundamentally different terms.
如有下列情形，一方當(dāng)事人可基于合同成立時(shí)存在的關(guān)于事實(shí)或法律的錯(cuò)誤而宣布合同無(wú)效：1.（1）錯(cuò)誤是由于對(duì)方當(dāng)事人給出的信息造成的；或（2）對(duì)方當(dāng)事人已知道或本應(yīng)知道該錯(cuò)誤，而且讓錯(cuò)誤方陷于錯(cuò)誤狀態(tài)有悖于誠(chéng)實(shí)信用和公平交易；或（3）對(duì)方當(dāng)事人也犯有相同的錯(cuò)誤，以及2.對(duì)方當(dāng)事人已知道或本應(yīng)知道，如果錯(cuò)誤方知道了真實(shí)情況，錯(cuò)誤方就不會(huì)締結(jié)該合同或只會(huì)以完全不同的條款締結(jié)合同。
 
(2) However a party may not avoid the contract if: (a) in the circumstances its mistake was inexcusable, or (b) the risk of the mistake was assumed, or in the circumstances should be borne, by it.
然如有下列情況，當(dāng)事人不得宣布合同無(wú)效：1.在該具體情事中，它的錯(cuò)誤是不可原諒的；或2.此種錯(cuò)誤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)已被它承擔(dān)，或在該具體情事中應(yīng)當(dāng)由它來(lái)承擔(dān)。
 
Article 4.104 - Inaccuracy in communication第4:104條：傳達(dá)的信息不準(zhǔn)確
An inaccuracy in the expression or transmission of a statement is to be treated as a mistake of the person who made or sent the statement and Article 4.103 applies.
表達(dá)或傳送陳述中的不準(zhǔn)確應(yīng)作為制作或發(fā)送該陳述之人的錯(cuò)誤，適用第4:103條。
 
Article 4.105 - Adaptation of contract第4:105條：合同的改訂
(1) If a party is entitled to avoid the contract for mistake but the other party indicates that it is willing to perform, or actually does perform, the contract as it was understood by the party entitled to avoid it, the contract is to be treated as if it had been concluded as the that party understood it. The other party must indicate its willingness to perform, or render such performance, promptly after being informed of the manner in which the party entitled to avoid it understood the contract and before that party acts in reliance on any notice of avoidance.
如果一方當(dāng)事人可因錯(cuò)誤而宣布合同無(wú)效，但對(duì)方當(dāng)事人表明它愿意或者實(shí)際上的確按照有權(quán)宣布合同無(wú)效的一方當(dāng)事人所理解的合同加以履行，則該合同被視為按照錯(cuò)誤方所理解的那樣締結(jié)。在被告知了有權(quán)宣布合同無(wú)效方所理解合同的方式后，以及在該方當(dāng)事人基于對(duì)宣布合同無(wú)效的通知的信賴業(yè)已從事行為之前，對(duì)方當(dāng)事人須立即表明它愿意履行或?qū)嶋H提供此種履行。
 
(2) After such indication or performance the right to avoid is lost and any earlier notice of avoidance is ineffective.
在這種表示或者履行之后，宣布合同無(wú)效的權(quán)利即喪失，而且任何先前的宣布合同無(wú)效的通知不生效力。
 
(3) Where both parties have made the same mistake, the court may at the request of either party bring the contract into accordance with what might reasonably have been agreed had the mistake not occurred.
在雙方當(dāng)事人犯有同樣錯(cuò)誤的場(chǎng)合，法院可基于任何一方當(dāng)事人的請(qǐng)求，使合同符合如果錯(cuò)誤未曾發(fā)生所會(huì)達(dá)成的樣子。
 
Article 4.106 - Incorrect information第4:106條：不正確的信息
A party who has concluded a contract relying on incorrect information given it by the other party may recover damages in accordance with Article 4.117(2) and (3) even if the information does not give rise to a right to avoid the contract on the ground of mistake under Article 4.103, unless the party who gave the information had reason to believe that the information was correct.
因相信對(duì)方當(dāng)事人給出的不正確的信息而締結(jié)合同的當(dāng)事人可依第4:117條第二款和第三款請(qǐng)求損害賠償，即便該信息并沒(méi)有依第4:103條產(chǎn)生出基于錯(cuò)誤而宣布合同無(wú)效的權(quán)利，除非給出信息方有理由認(rèn)為該信息是真實(shí)的。
 
Article 4.107 - Fraud第4:107條：欺詐
(1) A party may avoid a contract when it has been led to conclude it by the other party's fraudulent representation, whether by words or conduct, or fraudulent non-disclosure of any information which in accordance with good faith and fair dealing it should have disclosed.
如果一方當(dāng)事人締結(jié)合同是因?qū)Ψ疆?dāng)事人的欺詐性表示，無(wú)論是言語(yǔ)還是行為，或者是因?qū)σ勒\(chéng)實(shí)信用或公平交易對(duì)方本應(yīng)透露的信息卻欺詐性地不予透露，則該方當(dāng)事人可宣布合同無(wú)效。
 
(2) A party's representation or non-disclosure is fraudulent if it was intended to deceive.
如果一方當(dāng)事人的表示或者不揭示系意在欺騙，它即為欺詐性的。
 
(3) In determining whether good faith and fair dealing required that a party disclose particular information, regard should be had to all the circumstances, including: (a) whether the party had special expertise; (b) the cost to it of acquiring the relevant information; (c) whether the other party could reasonably acquire the information for itself; and (d) the apparent importance of the information to the other party.
在確定誠(chéng)實(shí)信用和公平交易是否要求一方當(dāng)事人透露某特定信息時(shí)，對(duì)各種情況均應(yīng)考慮，包括：1.該方當(dāng)事人是否擁有專門技術(shù)；2.由它獲取相關(guān)信息所需費(fèi)用；3.對(duì)方當(dāng)事人自己是否可以合理地獲取該信息；以及4.該信息對(duì)對(duì)方當(dāng)事人顯而易見(jiàn)的重要性。
 
Article 4.108 - Threats第4:108條：脅迫
A party may avoid a contract when it has been led to conclude it by the other party's imminent and serious threat of an act: (a) which is wrongful in itself, or (b) which it is wrongful to use as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract , unless in the circumstances the first party had a reasonable alternative.
一方當(dāng)事人締結(jié)合同如果是由于對(duì)方當(dāng)事人即行的且嚴(yán)重的行為的威脅，而此種行為之威脅：1.本身是非法的，或2.作為達(dá)成合同的手段是非法的，則該方當(dāng)事人可以宣布合同無(wú)效，除非在該具體情事中第一方當(dāng)事人擁有合理的選擇余地。
 
Article 4.109 - Excessive benefit or unfair advantage第4:109條：過(guò)分的利益或不公平的好處
(1) A party may avoid a contract if, at the time of the conclusion of the contract: (a) it was dependent on or had a relationship of trust with the other party, was in economic distress or had urgent needs, was improvident, ignorant, inexperienced or lacking in bargaining skill, and (b) the other party knew or ought to have known of this and, given the circumstances and purpose of the contract, took advantage of the first party's situation in a way which was grossly unfair or took an excessive benefit.
如果在締結(jié)合同時(shí)有下列情況，一方當(dāng)事人可以宣布合同無(wú)效：1.它依賴于對(duì)方當(dāng)事人或與對(duì)方當(dāng)事人具有信托關(guān)系，它處于經(jīng)濟(jì)困難或具有急迫需要，它是無(wú)遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)的、無(wú)知的、無(wú)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的或缺乏談判技巧的，以及2.對(duì)方當(dāng)事人已經(jīng)知道或本應(yīng)知道這種情況，由于這種情況以及合同的目的，以非常不公平的或獲取過(guò)分利益的方式利用了第一方當(dāng)事人的這種狀況。
 
(2) Upon the request of the party entitled to avoidance, a court may if it is appropriate adapt the contract in order to bring it into accordance with what might have been agreed had the requirements of good faith and fair dealing been followed.
應(yīng)有權(quán)宣布合同無(wú)效方當(dāng)事人的要求，如果合適，法院可以改訂合同，以使合同符合遵循誠(chéng)實(shí)信用和公平交易之要求本應(yīng)會(huì)達(dá)成的樣子。
 
(3) A court may similarly adapt the contract upon the request of a party receiving notice of avoidance for excessive benefit or unfair advantage, provided that this party informs the party who gave the notice promptly after receiving it and before that party has acted in reliance on it.
類似地，法院也可以應(yīng)收到因過(guò)分利益或不公平的好處而宣布合同無(wú)效之通知方當(dāng)事人的要求改訂合同，只要該方當(dāng)事人在收到通知后而且在對(duì)方當(dāng)事人信賴該通知而作出行為之前立即告知作出上述通知的一方當(dāng)事人。
 
Article 4.110 -Unfair terms which have not been individually negotiated
第4:110條：未經(jīng)個(gè)別商議的不公平合同條款
 
(1) A party may avoid a term which has not been individually negotiated if, contrary to the requirements of good faith and fair dealing, it causes a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations arising under the contract to the detriment of that party, taking into account the nature of the performance to be rendered under the contract, all the other terms of the contract and the circumstances at the time the contract was concluded.
如果未經(jīng)個(gè)別商議的合同條款造成當(dāng)事人的合同權(quán)利義務(wù)顯著失衡，有損于一方當(dāng)事人，有悖于誠(chéng)實(shí)信用和公平交易，考慮合同所要求的履行的性質(zhì)、合同的其他所有條款以及締結(jié)合同時(shí)的具體情事，該方當(dāng)事人可以宣布該條款無(wú)效。
 
(2) This Article does not apply to: (a) a term which defines the main subject matter of the contract, provided the term is in plain and intelligible language; or to (b) the adequacy in value of one party's obligations compared to the value of the obligations of the other party.
本條不適用于：1.規(guī)定合同的主要標(biāo)的的條款，只要該條款用語(yǔ)淺顯易懂；或2.一方當(dāng)事人的債務(wù)在價(jià)值上與對(duì)方當(dāng)事人的債務(wù)的價(jià)值具有相當(dāng)性。
 
Article 4.111 - Third persons第4:111條：第三人
(1) Where a third person for whose acts a party is responsible, or who with a party's assent is involved in the making of a contract: (a) causes a mistake by giving information, or knows of or ought to have known of a mistake, (b) gives incorrect information, (c) commits fraud, (d) makes a threat, or (e) takes excessive benefit or unfair advantage, remedies under this Chapter will be available under the same conditions as if the behaviour or knowledge had been that of the party itself.
在一方當(dāng)事人對(duì)第三人的行為負(fù)責(zé)之場(chǎng)合，或經(jīng)一方當(dāng)事人同意該第三人介入了合同的締結(jié)，若該第三人1.因給出信息而造成了錯(cuò)誤，或者知道或本應(yīng)知道某一錯(cuò)誤，2.給出了不正確的信息，3.犯有欺詐，4.進(jìn)行了脅迫，或      5.獲取過(guò)分的利益或不公平的好處，則在與恰如該方當(dāng)事人自己的行為或知曉一樣的條件下，可以獲取本章中的救濟(jì)。
 
(2) Where any other third person: (a) gives incorrect information, (b) commits fraud, (c) makes a threat, or (d) takes excessive benefit or unfair advantage, remedies under this Chapter will be available if the party knew or ought to have known of the relevant facts, or at the time of avoidance it has not acted in reliance on the contract.
在其他第三人從事下列行為場(chǎng)合：1.給出了不正確的信息，2.犯有欺詐，3.進(jìn)行了脅迫，或4.獲取了過(guò)分的利益或不公平的好處，如果該方當(dāng)事人知道或應(yīng)當(dāng)知道相關(guān)的事實(shí)，或者在宣布無(wú)效之時(shí)它尚未信賴該合同而行為，則可以獲取本章的救濟(jì)。
 
Article 4.112 - Notice of Avoidance第4:112條：對(duì)無(wú)效的通知
Avoidance must be by notice to the other party.宣布無(wú)效須采用向?qū)Ψ疆?dāng)事人發(fā)出通知的方式。
Article 4.113 - Time limits第4:113條：時(shí)間限制
(1) Notice of avoidance must be given within a reasonable time, with due regard to the circumstances, after the avoiding party knew or ought to have known of the relevant facts or became capable of acting freely.
適當(dāng)考慮具體情事，在有權(quán)宣布無(wú)效方知道或本應(yīng)知道相關(guān)的事實(shí)或者在其能夠自由行動(dòng)之后，宣布無(wú)效的通知須在一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)出。
 
(2) However, a party may avoid an individual term under Article 4.110 if it gives notice of avoidance within a reasonable time after the other party has invoked the term.
但是，如果一方當(dāng)事人在對(duì)方當(dāng)事人引用某條款后的一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)出了宣布無(wú)效的通知，該方當(dāng)事人可以依據(jù)第4:110條宣布此一單個(gè)的合同條款無(wú)效。
 
Article 4.114 - Confirmation第4:114條：確認(rèn)
If the party who is entitled to avoid a contract confirms it, expressly or impliedly, after it knows of the ground for avoidance, or becomes capable of acting freely, avoidance of the contract is excluded.
如果有權(quán)宣布合同無(wú)效的一方當(dāng)事人在它知道了無(wú)效事由后，或者在它能夠自由地行動(dòng)之后，明示地或默示地確認(rèn)了該合同，該合同的無(wú)效即被排除。
 
Article 4.115 - Effect of avoidance第4:115條：無(wú)效的效力
On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever he has supplied under the contract or the part of it avoided, provided he makes concurrent restitution of whatever he has received under the contract or the part of it avoided. If restitution cannot be made in kind for any reason, a reasonable sum must be paid for what has been received.
合同無(wú)效后，任何一方當(dāng)事人均可要求返還依據(jù)該合同或者該合同中無(wú)效的部分他所交付的一切東西，但要求他同時(shí)返還他依據(jù)該合同或者該合同中無(wú)效的部分所接受的東西。無(wú)論什么原因，如果無(wú)法返還原物，則須對(duì)所受領(lǐng)的物品支付一筆合理的價(jià)金。
 
Article 4.116 - Partial avoidance第4:116條：部分無(wú)效
If a ground of avoidance affects only particular terms of a contract, the effect of an avoidance is limited to those terms unless, giving due consideration to all the circumstances of the case, it is unreasonable to uphold the remaining contract.
如果無(wú)效事由僅影響及于合同的特定條款，則無(wú)效的效力僅限于這些條款，除非在適當(dāng)?shù)乜紤]了案件的具體情事后，仍令合同的剩余部分有效不合理。
 
Article 4.117 - Damages第4:117條：損害賠償
(1) A party who avoids a contract under this Chapter may recover from the other party damages so as to put the avoiding party as nearly as possible into the same position as if it had not concluded the contract, provided that the other party knew or ought to have known of the mistake, fraud, threat or taking of excessive benefit or unfair advantage.
只要對(duì)方當(dāng)事人知道或者本應(yīng)知道錯(cuò)誤、欺詐、脅迫或獲取過(guò)分利益或不公平好處，有權(quán)依本章規(guī)定宣布合同無(wú)效的一方當(dāng)事人可以從對(duì)方當(dāng)事人獲取損害賠償，以使宣布合同無(wú)效方當(dāng)事人盡可能地處于如同它未曾締結(jié)合同一樣的狀態(tài)。
 
(2) If a party has the right to avoid a contract under this Chapter, but does not exercise its right or has lost its right under the provisions of Articles 4.113 or 4.114, it may recover, subject to paragraph (1), damages limited to the loss caused to it by the mistake, fraud, threat or taking of excessive benefit or unfair advantage. The same measure of damages shall apply when the party was misled by incorrect information in the sense of Article 4.106.
如果一方當(dāng)事人依本章的規(guī)定擁有宣布合同無(wú)效的權(quán)利，但卻沒(méi)有行使它的權(quán)利或者根據(jù)第4:113條或第4:114條的規(guī)定喪失了它的權(quán)利，在符合第一款的條件下，它可以對(duì)因錯(cuò)誤、欺詐、脅迫或獲取過(guò)分利益或不公平好處而給自己造成的損失獲取損害賠償。當(dāng)該方當(dāng)事人在第4:106條的意義上被不正確的信息誤導(dǎo)時(shí)，亦應(yīng)適用同樣的損害賠償?shù)挠?jì)算方法。
 
(3) In other respects, the damages shall be in accordance with the relevant provisions of Chapter 9, Section 5, with appropriate adaptations.
在別的方面，損害賠償應(yīng)符合第九章第五節(jié)的有關(guān)規(guī)定，個(gè)別方面作適當(dāng)調(diào)整。
 
Article 4.118 - Exclusion or restriction of remedies第4:118條：對(duì)救濟(jì)的排除或限制
(1) Remedies for fraud, threats and excessive benefit or unfair advantage-taking, and the right to avoid an unfair term which has not been individually negotiated, cannot be excluded or restricted.
對(duì)欺詐、脅迫或獲取過(guò)分利益或不公平好處的救濟(jì)，以及對(duì)未經(jīng)個(gè)別商議的不公平條款宣布無(wú)效的權(quán)利，不得被排除或限制。
 
(2) Remedies for mistake and incorrect information may be excluded or restricted unless the exclusion or restriction is contrary to good faith and fair dealing.
對(duì)錯(cuò)誤和不正確信息的救濟(jì)可得被排除或限制，除非此種排除或限制有悖于誠(chéng)實(shí)信用和公平交易。
 
Article 4.119 - Remedies for non-performance第4:119條：不履行之救濟(jì)
A party who is entitled to a remedy under this Chapter in circumstances which afford that party a remedy for non-performance may pursue either remedy.
案情使之有權(quán)請(qǐng)求不履行之救濟(jì)的一方當(dāng)事人，如依本章的規(guī)定也可請(qǐng)求救濟(jì)，則可請(qǐng)求二者中的任何一種救濟(jì)。
 

CHAPTER 5 - INTERPRETATION第五章  解釋

 
Article 5.101 - General Rules of Interpretation第5:101條：解釋的一般規(guī)則
    (1) A contract is to be interpreted according to the common intention of the parties even if this differs from the literal meaning of the words.
合同應(yīng)依當(dāng)事人的共同意圖加以解釋，即使這與用語(yǔ)的字面含義不同。
 
    (2) If it is established that one party intended the contract to have a particular meaning, and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the other party could not have been unaware of the first party's intention, the contract is to be interpreted in the way intended by the first party.
如果能夠認(rèn)定一方當(dāng)事人意欲合同具有特定的含義，而且在合同締結(jié)時(shí)對(duì)方當(dāng)事人不會(huì)不知道第一方當(dāng)事人的此種意圖，則合同應(yīng)按第一方當(dāng)事人意欲的方式加以解釋。
 
(3) If an intention cannot be established according to (1) or (2), the contract is to be interpreted according to the meaning that reasonable persons of the same kind as the parties would give to it in the same circumstances.
如果依據(jù)第一款和第二款無(wú)法認(rèn)定某種意圖，合同應(yīng)按與雙方當(dāng)事人屬于相同類型的通情達(dá)理之人在相同情況下所會(huì)賦予它的含義解釋。
 
Article 5.102 - Relevant Circumstances第5:102條：相關(guān)情況
    In interpreting the contract, regard shall be had, in particular, to: (a) the circumstances in which it was concluded, including the preliminary negotiations; (b) the conduct of the parties, even subsequent to the conclusion of the contract; (c) the nature and purpose of the contract; (d) the interpretation which has already been given to similar clauses by the parties and the practices they have established between themselves; (e) the meaning commonly given to terms and expressions in the branch of activity concerned and the interpretation similar clauses may already have received; (f) usages; and (g) good faith and fair dealing.
在解釋合同時(shí)，應(yīng)特別注意：1.達(dá)成合同時(shí)的情況，包括預(yù)備性磋商；2.雙方當(dāng)事人的行為，即便是達(dá)成合同以后的行為；3.合同的性質(zhì)與目的；4.由雙方當(dāng)事人以及它們內(nèi)部確立的習(xí)慣做法對(duì)類似條款作出過(guò)的解釋；5.在所涉行為的行業(yè)中條款或表述通常被賦予的含義，以及類似條款業(yè)已得到的解釋；6.慣例；以及7．誠(chéng)實(shí)信用和公平交易。
 
Article 5.103 - Contra Proferentem Rule第5:103條：對(duì)使用者不利益規(guī)則
    Where there is doubt about the meaning of a contract term not individually negotiated, an interpretation of the term against the party who supplied it is to be preferred.
對(duì)未經(jīng)個(gè)別商議的合同條款存有疑義時(shí)，應(yīng)作不利于使用該條款之當(dāng)事人的解釋。
 
Article 5.104 - Preference to Negotiated Terms第5:104條：經(jīng)過(guò)商議的條款的優(yōu)先性
    Terms which have been individually negotiated take preference over those which are not.
經(jīng)過(guò)個(gè)別商議的條款優(yōu)先于那些未經(jīng)個(gè)別商議的條款。
 
Article 5.105 - Reference to Contract as a Whole第5:105條：合同作為整體的優(yōu)先性
 
    Terms are interpreted in the light of the whole contract in which they appear.
條款應(yīng)從它們表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的合同整體的角度加以解釋。
 
Article 5.106 - Terms to Be Given (Full) Effect第5:106條：賦予條款完全的效力
    An interpretation which renders the terms of the contract lawful, or effective, is to be preferred to one which would not.
使合同條款合法或有效的解釋方法優(yōu)先于不具此種效果的解釋方法。
 
Article 5.107 - Linguistic Discrepancies第5:107條：語(yǔ)言的差異
    Where a contract is drawn up in two or more language versions none of which is stated to be authoritative, there is, in case of discrepancy between the versions, a preference for the interpretation according to the version in which the contract was originally drawn up.
在合同采用兩種或多種語(yǔ)言文本，其中沒(méi)有一個(gè)被指定為權(quán)威文本時(shí)，如果不同文本之間存有差異，在解釋上應(yīng)以合同最初采用的文本優(yōu)先。
 

CHAPTER 6 - CONTENTS AND EFFECTS第六章  內(nèi)容與效果

Article 6.101 - Statements giving rise to contractual obligation
第6:101條：產(chǎn)生合同債務(wù)的陳述
 
(1) A statement made by one party before or when the contract is concluded is to be treated as giving rise to a contractual obligation if that is how the other party reasonably understood it in the circumstances, taking into account: (a) the apparent importance of the statement to the other party; (b) whether the party was making the statement in the course of business; and (c) the relative expertise of the parties.
一方當(dāng)事人于合同締結(jié)前或合同締結(jié)時(shí)所作的陳述將被視為一種合同性保證，只要那正是對(duì)方當(dāng)事人在該具體情況下對(duì)它所合理地理解的，考慮：1.該陳述對(duì)于對(duì)方當(dāng)事人的表面的重要性；2.該方當(dāng)事人是否在經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中作出該陳述；以及3.當(dāng)事人相關(guān)的專門技術(shù)。
 
(2) If one of the parties is a professional supplier who gives information about the quality or use of services or goods or other property when marketing or advertising them or otherwise before the contract for them is concluded, the statement is to be treated as giving rise to a contractual obligation unless it is shown that the other party knew or could not have been unaware that the statement was incorrect.
如果當(dāng)事人中的一方系職業(yè)性供應(yīng)人，在雙方當(dāng)事人的合同締結(jié)之前，該方對(duì)其服務(wù)或商品或者其他物品進(jìn)行銷售、宣傳等時(shí)，關(guān)于它們的性能或用途發(fā)布了信息，則該陳述應(yīng)作為合同的一個(gè)條款，除非情況表明對(duì)方當(dāng)事人已經(jīng)知道或不可能不知道該陳述是不正確的。
 
(3) Such information and other undertakings given by a person advertising or marketing services, goods or other property for the professional supplier, or by a person in earlier links of the business chain, are to be treated as giving rise to a contractual obligation on the part of the professional supplier unless it did not know and had no reason to know of the information or undertaking.
這類信息和保證如系有人在為該職業(yè)性供應(yīng)人宣傳或銷售服務(wù)、商品或其他物品時(shí)發(fā)布出來(lái)的，或者系處于商業(yè)鏈條的前部環(huán)節(jié)的人發(fā)布出來(lái)的，也要認(rèn)為對(duì)該職業(yè)性供應(yīng)人產(chǎn)生合同債務(wù)，除非它不知道也沒(méi)有原因知道這種信息或保證。
 
Article 6.102 - Implied obligations第6:102條：默示的義務(wù)
In addition to the express terms, a contract may contain implied terms which stem from (a) the intention of the parties, (b) the nature and purpose of the contract, and (c) good faith and fair dealing.
除明示條款之外，合同仍得含有默示條款，產(chǎn)生于1.雙方當(dāng)事人的意圖，2.合同的性質(zhì)與目的，以及3.誠(chéng)實(shí)信用與公平交易。
 
Article 6.103 - Simulation第6:103條：虛偽表示
When the parties have concluded an apparent contract which was not intended to reflect their true agreement, as between the parties the true agreement prevails.
如果當(dāng)事人達(dá)成了一份不欲反映它們的真正合意的外表合同，對(duì)雙方當(dāng)事人而言應(yīng)以真實(shí)合意為準(zhǔn)。
 
Article 6.104 - Determination of Price第6:104條：價(jià)格的確定
Where the contract does not fix the price or the method of determining it, the parties are to be treated as having agreed on a reasonable price.
如果合同未約定價(jià)格或者確定價(jià)格的方式，則應(yīng)視為當(dāng)事人已同意了一合理價(jià)格。
 
Article 6.105 - Unilateral Determination by a Party第6:105條：由一方當(dāng)事人作的單方面確定
Where the price or any other contractual term is to be determined by one party whose determination is grossly unreasonable, then notwithstanding any provision to the contrary, a reasonable price or other term shall be substituted.
如果價(jià)格或合同的其他條款要由一方當(dāng)事人加以確定，而其決定非常不合理，則縱有其他相反規(guī)定，亦得代之以合理的價(jià)格或其他條款。
 
Article 6.106 - Determination by a Third Person第6:106條：由第三人作的確定
(1) Where the price or any other contractual term is to be determined by a third person, and it cannot or will not do so, the parties are presumed to have empowered the court to appoint another person to determine it.
如果價(jià)格或合同的其他條款要由第三人確定，而它不能夠或者不愿意這么做，則推定為當(dāng)事人已授權(quán)法院指定另外一人加以確定。
 
(2) If a price or other term fixed by a third person is grossly unreasonable, a reasonable price or term shall be substituted.
如果由第三人確定的價(jià)格或其他條款非常不合理，則應(yīng)代之以一合理的價(jià)格或條款。
 
Article 6.107 - Reference to a Non Existent Factor第6:107條：對(duì)不存在之因素的參照
Where the price or any other contractual term is to be determined by reference to a factor which does not exist or has ceased to exist or to be accessible, the nearest equivalent factor shall be substituted.
如果價(jià)格或合同的其他條款要參照某一因素加以確定，而該因素不曾存在或不再存在或不再能夠找到，則應(yīng)代之以最為相當(dāng)?shù)囊蛩亍?br />  
Article 6.108 - Quality of Performance第6:108條：履行的質(zhì)量
If the contract does not specify the quality, a party must tender performance of at least average quality.
如果合同沒(méi)有特別約定質(zhì)量，當(dāng)事人所提交的履行至少須具有中等質(zhì)量。
 
Article 6.109 - Contract for an Indefinite Period第6:109條：期限不定的合同
A contract for an indefinite period may be ended by either party by giving notice of reasonable length.
期限不定的合同可得由任何一方當(dāng)事人作出合理期限的通知而終止。
 
Article 6.110 - Stipulation in Favour of a Third Party第6:110條：利益第三人之約定
(1) A third party may require performance of a contractual obligation when its right to do so has been expressly agreed upon between the promisor and the promisee, or when such agreement is to be inferred from the purpose of the contract or the circumstances of the case. The third party need not be identified at the time the agreement is concluded.
第三人可以請(qǐng)求合同債務(wù)之履行，如果它如此行為之權(quán)利已在允諾人與受諾人之間明確地達(dá)成協(xié)議，或者如果此種協(xié)議能夠從合同的目的或者案件的具體情事中推斷出來(lái)。該第三人無(wú)須于達(dá)成該協(xié)議時(shí)即已特定下來(lái)。
 
(2) If the third party renounces the right to performance the right is treated as never having accrued to it.
如果第三人放棄履行請(qǐng)求權(quán)，則視為該權(quán)利從未對(duì)它發(fā)生過(guò)。
 
(3) The promisee may by notice to the promisor deprive the third party of the right to performance unless: (a) the third party has received notice from the promisee that the right has been made irrevocable, or (b) the promisor or the promisee has received notice from the third party that the latter accepts the right.
受諾人可以通過(guò)向允諾人發(fā)出的通知?jiǎng)儕Z該第三人的履行請(qǐng)求權(quán)，除非：1.第三人已接到受諾人的通知，稱該權(quán)利已成為不可撤銷的；或者2.允諾人或受諾人接到第三人的通知，稱后者接受了該權(quán)利。
 
Article 6.111 - Change of Circumstances第6:111條：情事變更
(1) A party is bound to fulfil its obligations even if performance has become more onerous, whether because the cost of performance has increased or because the value of the performance it receives has diminished.
當(dāng)事人應(yīng)清償其債務(wù)，即便是因?yàn)槁男匈M(fèi)用已經(jīng)提高或是因?yàn)樗�所受領(lǐng)之履行的價(jià)值已經(jīng)降低而使履行變得非常困難亦然。
 
(2) If, however, performance of the contract becomes excessively onerous because of a change of circumstances, the parties are bound to enter into negotiations with a view to adapting the contract or terminating it, provided that: (a) the change of circumstances occurred after the time of conclusion of the contract, (b) the possibility of a change of circumstances was not one which could reasonably have been taken into account at the time of conclusion of the contract, and (c) the risk of the change of circumstances is not one which, according to the contract, the party affected should be required to bear.
但如果由于情事的變更使合同履行變得格外困難，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)行磋商以改訂合同或者解除合同，只要：1.情事變更系發(fā)生在合同達(dá)成之后，2.情事變更之可能性于達(dá)成合同之時(shí)并不能夠合理地被考慮到，而且3.依據(jù)合同，情事變更之風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并非受影響之當(dāng)事人所應(yīng)承擔(dān)的。
 
(3) If the parties fail to reach agreement within a reasonable period, the court may: (a) terminate the contract at a date and on terms to be determined by the court; or (b) adapt the contract in order to distribute between the parties in a just and equitable manner the losses and gains resulting from the change of circumstances.
In either case, the court may award damages for the loss suffered through a party refusing to negotiate or breaking off negotiations contrary to good faith and fair dealing.
如果當(dāng)事人于一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)沒(méi)有達(dá)成合意，法院可以：1.按法院確定的時(shí)間和條件解除合同；或者2.改訂合同，以便以公平合理的方式在當(dāng)事人之間分?jǐn)傆汕槭伦兏�產(chǎn)生的損失和收益。
在任何一種情形，法院可以對(duì)因一方當(dāng)事人悖于誠(chéng)實(shí)信用與公平交易之拒絕磋商或者終止磋商而遭受的損失判予損害賠償。
 

CHAPTER 7 - PERFORMANCE第七章  履行

Article 7.101 - Place of Performance第7:101條：履行的地點(diǎn)
(1) If the place of performance of a contractual obligation is not fixed by or determinable from the contract it shall be:(a) in the case of an obligation to pay money, the creditor's place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contract; (b) in the case of an obligation other than to pay money, the obligor's place of business at the time of conclusion of the contract.
如果合同債務(wù)的履行地點(diǎn)沒(méi)有被合同固定或不能夠從合同中加以確定，它得是：1.在金錢債務(wù)場(chǎng)合，達(dá)成合同時(shí)債權(quán)人的營(yíng)業(yè)地；2.在非金錢債務(wù)場(chǎng)合，達(dá)成合同時(shí)債務(wù)人的營(yíng)業(yè)地。
 
(2) If a party has more than one place of business, the place of business for the purpose of the preceding paragraph is that which has the closest relationship to the contract, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at the time of conclusion of the contract.
如果當(dāng)事人有不止一個(gè)營(yíng)業(yè)地，考慮達(dá)成合同時(shí)為當(dāng)事人所知曉或所想象的情事，前款意指之營(yíng)業(yè)地是指與合同有最密切關(guān)系的營(yíng)業(yè)地。
 
(3) If a party does not have a place of business its habitual residence is to be treated as its place of business.
如果當(dāng)事人沒(méi)有營(yíng)業(yè)地，則視其慣常居所地為其營(yíng)業(yè)地。
 
Article 7.102 - Time of Performance第7:102條：履行的時(shí)間
A party has to effect its performance:當(dāng)事人必須進(jìn)行履行：
 
(1) if a time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at that time;
如果時(shí)間已在合同中載明或者可以從合同中確定，則于此一時(shí)間；
 
(2) if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within that period unless the circumstances of the case indicate that the other party is to choose the time;
如果期間已在合同中載明或者可以從合同中確定，則在該期間內(nèi)的任何時(shí)間，除非案件的具體情事表明應(yīng)由另一方當(dāng)事人選擇時(shí)間；
 
(3) in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract.
在任何其他的場(chǎng)合，于達(dá)成合同后的一個(gè)合理的時(shí)間。
 
Article 7.103 - Early Performance第7:103條：提前的履行
(1) A party may decline a tender of performance made before it is due except where acceptance of the tender would not unreasonably prejudice its interests.
當(dāng)事人對(duì)履行期前提交的履行可以拒絕，除非受領(lǐng)該交付不至于不合理地?fù)p害其利益。
 
(2) A party's acceptance of early performance does not affect the time fixed for the performance of its own obligation.
當(dāng)事人對(duì)提前之履行的受領(lǐng)并不影響約定的它自己債務(wù)履行的時(shí)間。
 
Article 7.104 - Order of performance第7:104條：履行的順序
To the extent that the performances of the parties can be rendered simultaneously, the parties are bound to render them simultaneously unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
只要雙方當(dāng)事人的履行可以同時(shí)提交，當(dāng)事人便應(yīng)同時(shí)提交，除非具體情事另有要求。
 
Article 7.105 - Alternative performance第7:105條：有選擇余地的履行
(1) Where an obligation may be discharged by one of alternative performances, the choice belongs to the party who is to perform, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
如果債務(wù)可通過(guò)有選擇余地的履行來(lái)解脫，則選擇權(quán)屬于履行方，除非具體情事另有要求。
 
(2) If the party who is to make the choice fails to do so by the time required by the contract, then: (a) if the delay in choosing is fundamental, the right to choose passes to the other party; (b) if the delay is not fundamental, the other party may give a notice fixing an additional period of reasonable length in which the party to choose must do so. If the latter fails to do so, the right to choose passes to the other party.
如果應(yīng)為選擇的一方當(dāng)事人在合同要求的時(shí)間內(nèi)沒(méi)有選擇，那么：1.如果選擇遲延是根本性的，選擇權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)歸對(duì)方當(dāng)事人；2.如果選擇遲延并非根本性的，對(duì)方當(dāng)事人可以發(fā)出一份通知，另外確定一段合理的期間，于該段期間內(nèi)當(dāng)事人須作出選擇；如果后者沒(méi)有這么做，則選擇權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)歸對(duì)方當(dāng)事人。
 
Article 7.106 - Performance by a Third Person第7:106條：第三人的履行
(1) Except where the contract requires personal performance the obligee cannot refuse performance by a third person if: (a) the third person acts with the assent of the obligor; or (b) the third person has a legitimate interest in performance and the obligor has failed to perform or it is clear that it will not perform at the time performance is due.
除非合同要求親自履行，如有下列情形，債權(quán)人不得拒絕由第三人提交的履行：1.該第三人經(jīng)債務(wù)人的同意而行為；或者2.該第三人對(duì)履行擁有合法的利益，而債務(wù)人已沒(méi)能履行或者情況表明在履行期到來(lái)時(shí)它將不會(huì)履行。
 
(2) Performance by the third person in accordance with paragraph (1) discharges the obligor.
第三人依第一款所作的履行使債務(wù)人獲得解脫。
 
Article 7.107 - Form of Payment第7:107條：支付的形式
 (1) Payment of money due may be made in any form used in the ordinary course of business.
金錢的支付可以一般商業(yè)過(guò)程中使用的任何一種方式進(jìn)行。
 
(2) A creditor who, pursuant to the contract or voluntarily, accepts a cheque or other order to pay or a promise to pay is presumed to do so only on condition that it will be honoured. The creditor may not enforce the original obligation to pay unless the order or promise is not honoured.
債權(quán)人依據(jù)合同或者自愿地接受支票或其他支付之通知或支付之允諾，被視為是在它能夠獲得承兌的條件下始如此行為。債權(quán)人不得強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行原始債務(wù)以支付貨幣，除非支付之通知或者支付之允諾未獲兌現(xiàn)。
 
Article 7.108 - Currency of Payment第7:108條：支付的貨幣
(1) The parties may agree that payment shall be made only in a specified currency.
當(dāng)事人可以約定支付價(jià)款僅采用特定的貨幣。
 
(2) In the absence of such agreement, a sum of money expressed in a currency other than that of the place where payment is due may be paid in the currency of that place according to the rate of exchange prevailing there at the time when payment is due.
如果沒(méi)有這種約定，對(duì)以支付地貨幣以外的一種貨幣所表示的款項(xiàng)，可按照支付時(shí)支付地通行的兌換比率以該支付地的貨幣進(jìn)行支付。
 
(3) If, in a case falling within the preceding paragraph, the debtor has not paid at the time when payment is due, the creditor may require payment in the currency of the place where payment is due according to the rate of exchange prevailing there either at the time when payment is due or at the time of actual payment.
在符合前款規(guī)定的場(chǎng)合，如果到支付時(shí)間債務(wù)人沒(méi)有支付，債權(quán)人可以請(qǐng)求按照應(yīng)為支付時(shí)或者按照實(shí)為支付時(shí)支付地通行的兌換比率以該支付地的貨幣進(jìn)行支付。
 
Article 7.109 - Appropriation of Performance第7:109條：履行的充抵
(1) Where a party has to perform several obligations of the same nature and the performance tendered does not suffice to discharge all of the obligations, then subject to paragraph 4 the party may at the time of its performance declare to which obligation the performance is to be appropriated.
如果當(dāng)事人必須履行同一性質(zhì)的數(shù)個(gè)債務(wù)，而所提交的履行尚不足以清償全部債務(wù)，那么在符合第四款規(guī)定的條件下，該方當(dāng)事人可以在履行時(shí)聲明其履行擬充抵給哪筆債務(wù)。
 
(2) If the performing party does not make such a declaration, the other party may within a reasonable time appropriate the performance to such obligation as it chooses. It shall inform the performing party of the choice. However, any such appropriation to an obligation which: (a) is not yet due, or (b) is illegal, or (c) is disputed，is invalid.
如果履行方當(dāng)事人沒(méi)有作出這種聲明，另一方當(dāng)事人可以在一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)將該履行充抵給它所選擇的債務(wù)。它應(yīng)將其選擇告知履行方。然對(duì)于下列債務(wù)的充抵是無(wú)效的：1.債務(wù)尚未到期的；或2.債務(wù)是非法的；或3.債務(wù)是有爭(zhēng)議的。
 
(3) In the absence of an appropriation by either party, and subject to paragraph 4, the performance is appropriated to that obligation which satisfies one of the following criteria in the sequence indicated: (a) the obligation which is due or is the first to fall due; (b) the obligation for which the obligee has the least security; (c) the obligation which is the most burdensome for the obligor, (d) the obligation which has arisen first.
If none of the preceding criteria applies, the performance is appropriated proportionately to all obligations.
如果任何一方當(dāng)事人均未作此充抵，在符合第四款規(guī)定的條件下，履行充抵給依所列順序符合下列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一的債務(wù)：1.已到期的或者第一筆到期的債務(wù)；2.債權(quán)人最沒(méi)保障的債務(wù)；3.對(duì)于債務(wù)人最為沉重的債務(wù)；4.最先發(fā)生的債務(wù)。
如果上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均不適用，則該履行按比例充抵給所有的債務(wù)。
 
(4) In the case of a monetary obligation, a payment by the debtor is to be appropriated, first, to expenses, secondly, to interest, and thirdly, to principal, unless the creditor makes a different appropriation.
在金錢債務(wù)場(chǎng)合，債務(wù)人所為之支付應(yīng)充抵：一，費(fèi)用，二，利息，三，本金；除非債權(quán)人作出了不同的充抵。
 
Article 7.110 - Property Not Accepted第7:110條：未被受領(lǐng)的物品
(1) A party who is left in possession of tangible property other than money because of the other party's failure to accept or retake the property must take reasonable steps to protect and preserve the property.
一方當(dāng)事人如因另一方當(dāng)事人沒(méi)有受領(lǐng)或者取走并非金錢的有體物而只好繼續(xù)占有該物品的，須采取合理措施保護(hù)和收藏該物品。
 
(2) The party left in possession may discharge its duty to deliver or return: (a) by depositing the property on reasonable terms with a third person to be held to the order of the other party, and notifying the other party of this; or (b) by selling the property on reasonable terms after notice to the other party, and paying the net proceeds to that party.
繼續(xù)占有的一方當(dāng)事人可以通過(guò)下列方式解脫其交付或返還的義務(wù)：1.將該物品以合理的條件以另一方當(dāng)事人的名義存放于第三人處，并將此事告知了另一方當(dāng)事人；或2.在通知了另一方當(dāng)事人后，將該物品以合理的條件賣掉，并將純收益付給彼方當(dāng)事人。
 
(3) Where, however, the property is liable to rapid deterioration or its preservation is unreasonably expensive, the party must take reasonable steps to dispose of it. It may discharge its duty to deliver or return by paying the net proceeds to the other party.
但是，如果該物品是容易腐爛的或者其保管是費(fèi)用格外高昂的，該方當(dāng)事人須采取合理措施處理該物品。它可以通過(guò)向?qū)Ψ疆?dāng)事人支付純收益的方式解脫其交付或返還的義務(wù)。
 
(4) The party left in possession is entitled to be reimbursed or to retain out of the proceeds of sale any expenses reasonably incurred.
繼續(xù)占有的一方當(dāng)事人對(duì)任何合理地發(fā)生的費(fèi)用有權(quán)獲取賠償或者從出售的純收益中扣除。
 
Article 7.111 - Money not Accepted第7:111條：未被受領(lǐng)的金錢
Where a party fails to accept money properly tendered by the other party, that party may after notice to the first party discharge its obligation to pay by depositing the money to the order of the first party in accordance with the law of the place where payment is due.
如果一方當(dāng)事人沒(méi)有受領(lǐng)由另一方當(dāng)事人按適當(dāng)方式交付的金錢，后一當(dāng)事人在通知了前一當(dāng)事人后，可以按照應(yīng)為交付地的法律以前一當(dāng)事人的名義將此筆金錢儲(chǔ)存起來(lái)，以解脫自己的付款債務(wù)。
 
Article 7.112 - Costs of performance第7:112條：履行的費(fèi)用
Each party shall bear the costs of performance of its obligations.
各方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)承受其各自債務(wù)的履行費(fèi)用。
 

CHAPTER 8-NON-PERFORMANCE AND REMEDIES IN GENERAL
第八章 不履行與救濟(jì)的一般規(guī)定

 
Article 8.101 - Remedies Available第8:101條：可以獲得的救濟(jì)
(1) Whenever a party does not perform an obligation under the contract and the non-performance is not excused under Article 8:108, the aggrieved party may resort to any of the remedies set out in Chapter 9.
只要一方當(dāng)事人沒(méi)有履行合同債務(wù)，而且該不履行未能依第8:108條而免責(zé)，則受害方當(dāng)事人可尋求第九章中規(guī)定的任何救濟(jì)方式。
 
(2) Where a party's non-performance is excused under Article 8:108, the aggrieved party may resort to any of the remedies set out in Chapter 9 except claiming performance and damages.
如果一方當(dāng)事人的不履行能依第8:108條而免責(zé)，受害方當(dāng)事人可尋求第九章中規(guī)定的除請(qǐng)求履行和損害賠償之外的任何救濟(jì)方式。
 
(3) A party may not resort to any of the remedies set out in Chapter 9 to the extent that its own act caused the other party's non-performance.
只要一方當(dāng)事人自己的行為造成了另一方當(dāng)事人的不履行，該方當(dāng)事人不得尋求第九章中規(guī)定的任何救濟(jì)方式。
 
Article 8.102 - Cumulation of Remedies第8:102條：救濟(jì)的累積
Remedies which are not incompatible may be cumulated. In particular, a party is not deprived of its right to damages by exercising its right to any other remedy.
救濟(jì)若非相互排斥即可累積。特別是，損害賠償請(qǐng)求權(quán)并不因當(dāng)事人行使了任何其他的救濟(jì)權(quán)利而被剝奪。
 
Article 8.103 - Fundamental Non-Performance第8:103條：根本性不履行
A non-performance of an obligation is fundamental to the contract if: (a) strict compliance with the obligation is of the essence of the contract; or (b) the non-performance substantially deprives the aggrieved party of what it was entitled to expect under the contract, unless the other party did not foresee and could not reasonably have foreseen that result; or (c) the non-performance is intentional and gives the aggrieved party reason to believe that it cannot rely on the other party's future performance.
如有下列情形，不履行即為根本性的：1.嚴(yán)格符合債務(wù)要求是合同的核心；或2.不履行實(shí)質(zhì)上剝奪了受害方依合同有權(quán)期待的東西，除非另一方?jīng)]有預(yù)見(jiàn)到而且也不能夠合理地預(yù)見(jiàn)到該結(jié)果；或3.不履行是故意的，并且使受害方有理由認(rèn)為它不能再信賴對(duì)方當(dāng)事人未來(lái)的履行。
 
Article 8.104 - Cure by Non-Performing Party第8:104條：不履行方的補(bǔ)救
A party whose tender of performance is not accepted by the other party because it does not conform to the contract may make a new and conforming tender where the time for performance has not yet arrived or the delay would not be such as to constitute a fundamental non-performance.
一方當(dāng)事人若因其提交的履行不符合合同而未被另一方當(dāng)事人受領(lǐng)的，如果履行期尚未到來(lái)或者其遲延并沒(méi)有構(gòu)成根本性不履行，則該方當(dāng)事人可以進(jìn)行新的和符合要求的交付。
 
Article 8.105 - Assurance of Performance第8:105條：履行的保證
(1) A party who reasonably believes that there will be a fundamental non-performance by the other party may demand adequate assurance of due performance and meanwhile may withhold performance of its own obligations so long as such reasonable belief continues.
一方當(dāng)事人若合理地認(rèn)為另一方當(dāng)事人將會(huì)根本性不履行，則該方當(dāng)事人可以要求對(duì)正常履行提供充分的保證；同時(shí)，只要這種合理的認(rèn)識(shí)持續(xù)存在，就可以中止其自己債務(wù)的履行。
 
(2) Where this assurance is not provided within a reasonable time, the party demanding it may terminate the contract if it still reasonably believes that there will be a fundamental non-performance by the other party and gives notice of termination without delay.
如果此種保證在合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)未被提供，只要要求保證的一方當(dāng)事人仍然合理地認(rèn)為另一方當(dāng)事人將會(huì)根本性不履行，并且不曾遲延地發(fā)出了解除合同的通知，它就可以解除合同。
 
Article 8.106 - Notice Fixing Additional Period for Performance第8:106條：確定額外履行期限的通知
(1) In any case of non-performance the aggrieved party may by notice to the other party allow an additional period of time for performance.
出現(xiàn)任何形式的不履行，受害方當(dāng)事人可向?qū)Ψ疆?dāng)事人發(fā)出通知，允許一段額外的履行期限。
 
(2) During the additional period the aggrieved party may withhold performance of its own reciprocal obligations and may claim damages, but it may not resort to any other remedy. If it receives notice from the other party that the latter will not perform within that period, or if upon expiry of that period due performance has not been made, the aggrieved party may resort to any of the remedies that may be available under Chapter 9.
在這段額外的期限中，受害方當(dāng)事人可以中止它自己相應(yīng)債務(wù)的履行并可請(qǐng)求損害賠償，但它不得尋求任何其他的救濟(jì)。如果它接到對(duì)方當(dāng)事人的通知，稱后者于該期限內(nèi)將不履行，或者如果于該期限過(guò)后尚未作出正常的履行，受害方當(dāng)事人可尋求依第九章規(guī)定所可采取的任何救濟(jì)。
 
(3) If in a case of delay in performance which is not fundamental the aggrieved party has given a notice fixing an additional period of time of reasonable length, it may terminate the contract at the end of the period of notice. The aggrieved party may in its notice provide that if the other party does not perform within the period fixed by the notice the contract shall terminate automatically. If the period stated is too short, the aggrieved party may terminate, or, as the case may be, the contract shall terminate automatically, only after a reasonable period from the time of the notice.
如果遲延履行尚未構(gòu)成根本性不履行，而受害方已發(fā)出了一份確定了長(zhǎng)度合理的額外期限的通知，那么它可以在通知的期限終了時(shí)解除合同。受害方當(dāng)事人可以在它的通知中規(guī)定，如果對(duì)方當(dāng)事人于通知所確定的期限內(nèi)沒(méi)有履行合同將自動(dòng)解除。如果規(guī)定的期限過(guò)短，則只有在發(fā)出通知后的一段合理的時(shí)間后，受害方始得解除合同，或者如有可能合同始自動(dòng)解除。
 
Article 8.107 - Performance Entrusted to Another第8:107條：委托他人的履行
A party who entrusts performance of the contract to another person remains responsible for performance.
將合同履行委托于他人的一方當(dāng)事人，對(duì)于履行仍然負(fù)責(zé)。
 
Article 8.108 - Excuse Due to an Impediment第8:108條：因障礙而免責(zé)
(1) A party's non-performance is excused if it proves that it is due to an impediment beyond its control and that it could not reasonably have been expected to take the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract, or to have avoided or overcome the impediment or its consequences.
如果一方當(dāng)事人能夠證明，由于超出其控制的障礙導(dǎo)致了不履行，而且不能夠合理地期待它于合同成立時(shí)將此種障礙考慮在內(nèi)或者避免或克服該障礙或其后果，則對(duì)該方當(dāng)事人的不履行免責(zé)。
 
(2) Where the impediment is only temporary the excuse provided by this article has effect for the period during which the impediment exists. However, if the delay amounts to a fundamental non-performance, the obligee may treat it as such.
如果障礙只是暫時(shí)的，本條規(guī)定的免責(zé)事由僅于該障礙存續(xù)的期間內(nèi)有其效力。然如果此種遲延構(gòu)成了根本性不履行，債權(quán)人則可以如是待之。
 
(3) The non-performing party must ensure that notice of the impediment and of its effect on its ability to perform is received by the other party within a reasonable time after the non-performing party knew or ought to have known of these circumstances. The other party is entitled to damages for any loss resulting from the non-receipt of such notice.
不履行方當(dāng)事人必須確保關(guān)于該障礙及其對(duì)它的履行能力的影響的通知于不履行方知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道諸此情事之后的一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)被對(duì)方當(dāng)事人收到，對(duì)方當(dāng)事人對(duì)因沒(méi)有收到此一通知所致?lián)p失有權(quán)獲取賠償。
 
Article 8.109 - Clause Limiting or Excluding Remedies第8:109條：限制或者排除救濟(jì)的條款
Remedies for non-performance may be excluded or restricted unless it would be contrary to good faith and fair dealing to invoke the exclusion or restriction.
對(duì)不履行的救濟(jì)可以排除或限制，除非主張此種排除或者限制有悖于誠(chéng)實(shí)信用和公平交易。
 

CHAPTER 9-PARTICULAR REMEDIES FOR NON-PERFORMANCE
第九章 對(duì)不履行的特殊救濟(jì)

 

Section 1-Right to Performance第一節(jié) 履行請(qǐng)求權(quán)

 
Article 9.101 - Monetary Obligations第9:101條：金錢債務(wù)
(1) The creditor is entitled to recover money which is due.債權(quán)人有權(quán)要回到期的金錢。
(2) Where the creditor has not yet performed its obligation and it is clear that the debtor will be unwilling to receive performance, the creditor may nonetheless proceed with its performance and may recover any sum due under the contract unless: (a) it could have made a reasonable substitute transaction without significant effort or expense; or (b) performance would be unreasonable in the circumstances.
如果債權(quán)人尚未履行其債務(wù)，而且情況表明債務(wù)人對(duì)于受領(lǐng)履行將會(huì)是不情愿的，債權(quán)人仍可以繼續(xù)其履行并依合同獲取其應(yīng)得的價(jià)款，除非：1.它本可以不太費(fèi)力或不太費(fèi)錢地從事一項(xiàng)合理的替代交易；或2.在該具體情事中履行屬不合理的。
 
Article 9.102 - Non-monetary Obligations第9:102條：非金錢債務(wù)
(1) The aggrieved party is entitled to specific performance of an obligation other than one to pay money, including the remedying of a defective performance.
受害方當(dāng)事人有權(quán)主張非金錢債務(wù)的實(shí)際履行，包括對(duì)瑕疵履行所為的補(bǔ)救。
 
(2) Specific performance cannot, however, be obtained where: (a) performance would be unlawful or impossible; or (b) performance would cause the obligor unreasonable effort or expense; or (c) the performance consists in the provision of services or work of a personal character or depends upon a personal relationship, or (d) the aggrieved party may reasonably obtain performance from another source.
然如有下列情形，則不得獲取實(shí)際履行：1.履行屬不法或者不能；或2.履行將會(huì)導(dǎo)致債務(wù)人不合理的努力或花費(fèi)；或3.履行屬于具有人身特征的或取決于個(gè)人關(guān)系的服務(wù)或工作的約定；或4.受害方當(dāng)事人能夠合理地通過(guò)其他途徑獲取的履行。
 
(3) The aggrieved party will lose the right to specific performance if it fails to seek it within a reasonable time after it has or ought to have become aware of the non-performance.
如果受害方當(dāng)事人在已知或應(yīng)知不履行后的一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)沒(méi)有尋求實(shí)際履行，則喪失實(shí)際履行請(qǐng)求權(quán)。
 
Article 9.103 - Damages Not Precluded第9:103條：損害賠償不受妨礙
The fact that a right to performance is excluded under this Section does not preclude a claim for damages.
在本節(jié)中履行請(qǐng)求權(quán)被排除之事實(shí)無(wú)礙于對(duì)損害賠償?shù)恼?qǐng)求。
 

Section 2-Right To Withhold Performance第二節(jié) 中止履行權(quán)

 
Article 9.201 - Right to Withhold Performance第9:201條：中止履行權(quán)
(1) A party who is to perform simultaneously with or after the other party may withhold performance until the other has tendered performance or has performed. The first party may withhold the whole of its performance or a part of it as may be reasonable in the circumstances.
與對(duì)方當(dāng)事人同時(shí)或者在其后履行的一方當(dāng)事人可以中止履行直到對(duì)方提出了履行或者已經(jīng)履行。第一方當(dāng)事人可以中止其全部的履行，也可以中止于具體情事中合乎情理的部分的履行。
 
(2) A party may similarly withhold performance for as long as it is clear that there will be a non-performance by the other party when the other party's performance becomes due.
只要情況表明對(duì)方履行期到來(lái)時(shí)對(duì)方當(dāng)事人將會(huì)不履行，當(dāng)事人同樣可以中止履行。
 

Section 3-Termination Of The Contract第三節(jié) 合同的解除

 
Article 9.301 - Right to Terminate the Contract第9:301條：合同解除權(quán)
(1) A party may terminate the contract if the other party's non-performance is fundamental.
如果對(duì)方當(dāng)事人的不履行是根本性的，當(dāng)事人可以解除合同。
 
(2) In the case of delay the aggrieved party may also terminate the contract under Article 8.106 (3).
在遲延場(chǎng)合，受害方當(dāng)事人依據(jù)第8:106條第三款也可以解除合同。
 
Article 9.302 - Contract to be Performed in Parts第9:302條：應(yīng)部分地履行的合同
If the contract is to be performed in separate parts and in relation to a part to which a counter-performance can be apportioned, there is a fundamental non-performance, the aggrieved party may exercise its right to terminate under this Section in relation to the part concerned. It may terminate the contract as a whole only if the non-performance is fundamental to the contract as a whole.
如果合同是要分成不同的部分加以履行，而且對(duì)于其中的一部分對(duì)待履行亦得分?jǐn)傞_(kāi)來(lái)，則發(fā)生有根本性不履行時(shí)，受害方當(dāng)事人可以就相關(guān)的部分行使它享有的本節(jié)規(guī)定的解除權(quán)。只有當(dāng)不履行對(duì)于整個(gè)合同而言是根本性的時(shí)，它才可以解除整個(gè)合同。
 
Article 9.303 - Notice of Termination第9:303條：解除的通知
(1) A party's right to terminate the contract is to be exercised by notice to the other party.
當(dāng)事人解除合同的權(quán)利應(yīng)以向?qū)Ψ疆?dāng)事人發(fā)出通知的方式行使。
 
(2) The aggrieved party loses its right to terminate the contract unless it gives notice within a reasonable time after it has or ought to have become aware of the non-performance.
受害方當(dāng)事人若非于知曉或應(yīng)當(dāng)知曉不履行后的一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)出通知，它便喪失解除合同的權(quán)利。
 
(3) (a) When performance has not been tendered by the time it was due, the aggrieved party need not give notice of termination before a tender has been made. If a tender is later made it loses its right to terminate if it does not give such notice within a reasonable time after it has or ought to have become aware of the tender. (b) If, however, the aggrieved party knows or has reason to know that the other party still intends to tender within a reasonable time, and the aggrieved party unreasonably fails to notify the other party that it will not accept performance, it loses its right to terminate if the other party in fact tenders within a reasonable time.
1.在履行于到期時(shí)尚未被提交之場(chǎng)合，受害方當(dāng)事人無(wú)須在提交被作出前發(fā)出解除的通知；如果后來(lái)提交被作出了，而它在知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道該提交之后的一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)仍未作出此種通知，它則喪失其解除權(quán)。2.然如果受害方知道或者有原因應(yīng)知道對(duì)方仍然想要在一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)提交履行，而受害方不合理地沒(méi)有通知對(duì)方它不欲受領(lǐng)履行，如果對(duì)方果真于一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)提交了履行，則受害方當(dāng)事人喪失其解除權(quán)。
 
(4) If a party is excused under Article 8.108 through an impediment which is total and permanent, the contract is terminated automatically and without notice at the time the impediment arises.
如果一方當(dāng)事人因完全的和永久的障礙而依第8:108條免責(zé)，則合同于該障礙產(chǎn)生時(shí)起自動(dòng)解除而無(wú)須通知。
 
Article 9.304 - Anticipatory Non-Performance第9:304條：先期不履行
Where prior to the time for performance by a party it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance by it the other party may terminate the contract.
如果在一方當(dāng)事人的履行期前情況已表明它將會(huì)根本不履行，對(duì)方當(dāng)事人可解除合同。
 
Article 9.305 - Effects of Termination in General第9:305條：解除的一般效力
(1) Termination of the contract releases both parties from their obligation to effect and to receive future performance, but, subject to Articles 9.306 to 9.308, does not affect the rights and liabilities that have accrued up to the time of termination.
合同的解除使雙方當(dāng)事人從它們從事以及受領(lǐng)未來(lái)履行的義務(wù)中解脫出來(lái)，但依據(jù)第9:306條至第9:308條的規(guī)定，并不影響在解除之前發(fā)生的權(quán)利和責(zé)任。
 
(2) Termination does not affect any provision of the contract for the settlement of disputes or any other provision which is to operate even after termination.
解除并不影響任何關(guān)于糾紛解決的合同規(guī)定或者任何其他要在解除之后發(fā)揮作用的規(guī)定。
 
Article 9.306 - Property Reduced in Value第9:306條：價(jià)值降低的物品
A party who terminates the contract may reject property previously received from the other party if its value to the first party has been fundamentally reduced as a result of the other party's non-performance.
解除合同的一方當(dāng)事人可以拒絕先前從對(duì)方當(dāng)事人受領(lǐng)的物品，只要其對(duì)于第一方當(dāng)事人的價(jià)值由于對(duì)方當(dāng)事人的不履行而根本性地降低了。
 
Article 9.307 - Recovery of Money Paid第9:307條：已付金錢的復(fù)原
On termination of the contract a party may recover money paid for a performance which it did not receive or which it properly rejected.
于合同解除場(chǎng)合，當(dāng)事人可以要回為它沒(méi)有得到的或者是由它正當(dāng)?shù)鼐芙^了的履行所支付的金錢。
 
Article 9.308 - Recovery of Property第9:308條：物品的復(fù)原
On termination of the contract a party who has supplied property which can be returned and for which it has not received payment or other counter-performance may recover the property.
于合同解除場(chǎng)合，業(yè)已交付了物品的當(dāng)事人，如該物品仍能退還，且對(duì)該物品當(dāng)事人尚未得到價(jià)金或其他對(duì)待履行，則可以要回該物品。
 
Article 9.309 - Recovery for Performance that Cannot be Returned第9:309條：對(duì)無(wú)法返還的履行的恢復(fù)
On termination of the contract a party who has rendered a performance which cannot be returned and for which it has not received payment or other counter-performance may recover a reasonable amount for the value of the performance to the other party.
于合同解除場(chǎng)合，業(yè)已提交了履行的當(dāng)事人，在履行已無(wú)法返還而且它對(duì)于履行尚未得到價(jià)金或其他對(duì)待履行時(shí)，對(duì)向?qū)Ψ疆?dāng)事人所作履行的價(jià)值可以要回一筆合理的價(jià)金。